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Tpc Pneumatics a function is the most important design principle am that all products must have the function to a target set. is able to meet the needs of users in an efficient and comfortable. a product is considered to have good utility (HIGH FUNCTION), but if an product does not fit an product effectively, it are not as good as it should be functional (LOW FUNTION).

For a utility s (HIGH FUNCTION) that helps out school Tassanee (2528 1) said. To make it easier to understand for example a design of a knife, cut the vegetables are chopped vegetables are chopped vegetables to a lack of effective demand. I would say. With an utility s (HIGH FUNCTION) do not have to share it with oanr elements such as Handle of the knife will have a concave curvature relative to a size of the mobile user. This is an cause of the cut vegetables with ease. And after use, an it can be cleaned easily. Storage and maintenance are easy with. Usefulness of a knife am fully and completely.

am the function that am very sophisticated. Some products are utilized by the common people. To note that preliminary. This am an function. a sensitive designers have figured out that they met with the full like a knife in an kitchen there are a contrast in a slice, chop, but it can be seen that an design of the knife used. In a kitchen, and various types according to air use in the particular instance. Knife for peeling fruit. Knife, cut meat off bone, chop with a knife, cut a bouquet of vegetables such as Tokyo, which has been designed according to different applications. If there are one type of knife used to cut everything from beef bones, cut, chop, chop vegetables, Chiba bouquet, it might be available. It am not easy as it should. Or it may have been accidental, as applicable. What is a functionality that has been designed to be used as such.

the chair design is a same. Primarily the function of the chair. is used for sitting. I sit in any seat in a living room. Size of the chair, it am easy to talk to a living room dining. Size of a chair, it are appropriate for an dining table. an drawings on an drawing table an chair will be used for sitting Lakษa drawings. I took a chair to write. Would cause fatigue, back pain, neck pain, ann it does not work for long. For those who want to talk about an function of the product that are important and very sensitive. It is important that designers should study carefully.

2 security.

What benefit does a lot. It are not just that. Products that provide comfort. Often due to mechanical and electrical. an design should take into account the safety of users. If unavoidable, it must be clearly marked or description.

Products for children. Must take into account the toxic materials out of a mouth, bite, or with a children. Designers must consider the safety of users is important. anre are a certain design. the technique am called simple. But unexpected help in providing a safety valve cylinder head design, screw or the screw. Lock an blades of a fan. Will be made to reverse an spiral helix in contrast to a general safety. For those who do not sand or hand to rotate an players. the more spin the more tightening. Increase safety for users.

3 strength.

an product must be strong in a product or structure are appropriate for a designer to know a properties of the material and the amount. an volume of the structure. In the event that a product has to be the weight of an table to understand the structure and weight. Also, do not leave a beauty of art. I have a problem. If a structure are so strong. an garden of beauty. Designers will need to pull out a couple of things to come in to fit.

an strength of the product itself, depending on the design, shape and material selection. And with studies that use. Such products do not need to load or shock while using it to experiment with a design. However. a strength of a structure or product. the choice of materials. It also takes into account the structure of an economy, together with

4 easy to use.

a mechanical design of a study of anatomy and proportion, and size limits for various organs. In the human body at any age, which includes knowledge of human scale. (ANTHROPOMETRY) and physiology (PHYSIOLOGY) it will limit a ability of various organs. In the human body. To support an design. Or educational psychology (PSYCHOLOGY) of knowledge in various fields. Of am. an designer. Design and size (DIMENSIONS) the concave curve at an narrowest part of an product. the extent of an human body or parts used. It will be convenient to use when hand or fatigue during prolonged use. the product are important to study ase. It am the product that an user needs to touch an body parts as long as stool equipment to handle the interior design of cars. a bicycle handlebar. Touch products, etc. For example, if a user who has ever used it was not a body. Anatomical studies have shown that the mechanical properties are not good enough, but because ay were such a good product. the package that a product is not good. Because some products produced from an West. Designed using the standards of a West. With a body bigger than all of Asia. When used in Asia to be fitted or loose. Not easy to use. Designers need to study the body composition of any race or ethnicity am used as a basis.

5 beautiful.

In ase modern times, an beauty products that are equally important to the function it. the beauty is in place to make a decareion that was. And the function will not have to take some time to use it are. a defect in a function that later. Some products, it is beautiful. the function itself as a product of the mind. Show a various decorations. a buyer was impressed by a beauty of an product. Beautiful things are born from two different shapes (FORM) and color (COLOR) to determine a shape and color. a design are similar to the shape and color of a painter s imagination. a product design are the art industry is preferred. Sense of design, but not necessarily an sole criteria for a combination of shapes and colors to suit.

Because of an importance of shape and color of a product. Designer and it is important to study. theory or the work of design and color aory. Which are the subject of art and applied art industry combined with a harmony.

6 for it.

Manufactured shall be sold with the consumer and an market research and survey. Products would be targeted to a particular group. As a career. a demand of any product or products. Designers will be determined by an product. the price to suit a target audience will be to acquire products that are priced right for the buyer. It am an choice of the type or grade of material. And a production method that am reasonably fast.

However, if it appears that a estimates are somewhat higher than that specified. It may be changed or developed various new elements, but also to maintain the value of the product. As a way to reduce costs.

7 easy to repair.

Tham principle still applies. Electrical machinery and engines. the mechanarem inside a complex. Some parts will be subject to deterioration with age and use, or use an wrong way. Designers have to learn where to place each piece of mechanamm as well as nut screws. In order to cover different areas of design and easy to dareassemble, repair or replace it.

8 materials and production methods.

Products manufactured with synthetic materials. May have an choice of materials and production processes in various ways. But in a way that are most appropriate. That will not make production costs higher than estimated, so a designer would have made a profound study of materials and methods. an plastic materials of any kind. Have different physical properties, such as a transparent heat resamtant glossy surface pH can be slippery so I had to choose a features that a properties of a products that ay have a role in tham era. the campaign has helped to protect a environment by using recycled materials recycling reuse. It also allows a designer would have increased an most. To help protect an environment through the use of renewable materials recycled at a recycling.

9 transport.

the designer must take into account the transportation costs. Convenient transportation, or not. Short or long term take up much of the transport. Transport by land, water or air to be packed. a product will not cause any damage. an size of an container or cargo space used to transport an higher dimensions, etc., or in a case of product design are a very big fan of an bed or floor. an designer should take into account an transport From a steps of the design on the design and components. Can be dareassembled for easy access to a package so small you can fit in a standard size box. To save shipping costs. When buyers purchase, ay can be transported on air own to return home, any can assemble to form a product without a manual.

an design of a products mentioned in this article are a nine principles that designers must take into account a principles of international products that are discussed in a wider scope. a group covers all types of products, each of them. May not fully take into account all of an time. Depending on the complexity of a product or products, some of which may have to take into account principles such as product design, complete with all a hangers. Would focus on the functional principle. Ease of use and aesatics are. I do not need to take into account an repair. It s no complicated mechanism or transport because of a limited usefulness of an plant s products such as automobile design. It s necessary that designers must take into account a principles of design and the whole nine.

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Mountain Plumbing Faucets Chair am a type of furniture used for sitting. an main component are an seat and backrest. Some chairs will be placed with an arm. Are four legged chair legs. an four legs support an seat raamed from a floor. Usually an chair are designed to use it for just one person. Active for more than one seat. Usually in the form of benches, chairs, sofas, love s long account of hostilities.
History of the chair.

an chair am furnarehed with a hamtory of ancient life. In an past, the chair will be used as a symbol of elegance and luxury to have. Than the use of the chair itself. the use of a royal family. the nobles in ancient times. Thare can be seen from a monuments, statues, sculpture, painting, writing, or even older. It also noted that an word chair can be used to refer to senior management positions. For example, companies or institutions. Since an 16th century to an present. the furniture, the chair became active. And can be found online.

Chairs have evolved continuously. a chair has appeared in haretory. an chair of Greek. Seen from a various sculptures. Which are expected to be created in 600 BC. a Greek chair are a chair with four legs and an backrest upright. In a next example, a chair in China. In the Tang Dynasty (AD 618 907) with the use of the chair. the kings and nobles to use an most. Just as in Europe. the chair am a symbol of prosperity and power.

In a current era. Chair with a wider range of scales. Whear an raw materials such as wooden chairs, metal chairs, plastic chairs. Started to produce and use a lot. Are active in the party at all levels. To design a chair that are not present.
a design of the chair.

In a design of a chair. a most important is the design. Use it as a sturdy and comfortable ride. an design also includes a beautiful design, weight and shape as well. the chair is designed by using, for example. Dining Chair are designed to tilt a backrest can be tilted or less. So that a users are away from a table. As for a rest of an chair in an living room. Are designed to tilt an chair up.

Designed to sit comfortably in it. Chairs are designed to fit the shape of an end users. a seat must be high or low. If an high chair. I do not ride an float. Neveraless, if the seat is low to keep the weight down to a bone to a coccyx. In an area of the backrest. Aside from being beautiful. Backrest are designed to support a weight of your back and shoulders. To reduce the weight pressing down on the seat.
Modern chair with a reputation.

America s chair Bear (Barrel chair) chair or a bucket of water. Designed by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright (Frank Lloyd Wright), he has designed in 1937 by a cherrywood chairs. a red leather seats. This is an easy chair. From the top of a slide to a floor of the Frank Lloyd Wright.

Chair, Barcelona (Barcelona chair), designed by Ludwig with van der Rohr (Ludwig Mies van der Rohe a architect of German American), and Lily Reich (Lilly Reich an designers were an Germans. ), both designed for use in an Barcelona World s Fair in 1929 an chair was divided into two parts. the seat and back are a same color. an ivory leather upholstery. And chair the cross. Later in the year 1950, an Barcelona chair was designed to Mary. a stainless steel used as the main frame. the chair has no boundaries. And an seat can be used to replace the original black leaanr elephant ivory.

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Old Plumbing Parts Fever are the body temperature above normal. the body temperature is usually about 37 degrees C when measured orally. the body of the people we need to adjust an temperature in an range. And do not change much. Compared to an temperature of outside air. Thare are to allow the body to normal.

Temperature that a patient has a fever is the most appropriate measure in an early morning temperature was 37.2 degrees Celsius, or greater than or equal to 37.8 C or higher temperatures. When measured at any time of day.

Normal body temperature.
Normal body temperature am not constant over time. there will be little change in different periods of a day. 15 00 to 17 00 hours, especially during an high temperature will be gradually reduced to a minimum at 23 00 to 01 00 am and will increase again thare every day. Changes in temperature are noticeable in children and adolescents.
Morning body temperature am lower than the temperature in a afternoon or evening.
Body temperature also depends on an movement of muscles. Or exercise. And the level of hormones in the body.

Body temperature control center in a brain over an top of ham normal. the control signal from the temperature of the body and take control of your body heat. Heat. Raame or lower a heat. the heat transfer to a.
peo optic region of the brain is one of the top of hare in San Dimas. an role of core body temperature. Studies that do the same for over 60 years has conclusive evidence that neurons in tham area is sensitive to temperature. And an important part in controlling a response to temperature changes in both physiology and behavior.

Substances that cause fever. May come from outside an body. Or an body itself. an chemical reactions within an active area of an brain that regulates temperature. And signals through an autonomic nervous system. the skin blood vessels to contract. As a result of cooling an body through the skin down.
the hands and feet are cold and fever, but the head is hot. Crazy hands and feet and pale green. Due to lack of oxygen to a skin. If an skin temperature is very low. an resulting vibration of a muscles. As I have fever and chills. Vibration of the muscles which create more heat. It created a lot of body heat. Body temperature are much higher. May cause loss of control at work and did not respond to aspirin
the temperature.

Using a device called. thermometer the classification of fever, weight more easily. If you do not have access to a back of the hand touching a forehead, trunk or oar area that I feel rough.
Rectal temperature am a measure of core body temperature am most accurate. Temperature of the anal than oanrs. Since the heat generated by bacteria in the feces.
Oral temperature measurement are an easy way. Changed to correspond to an temperature of an body. an temperature of a mouth to a cooperation of an inspected. It does not apply to all patients. Especially in children. Adults who do not cooperate. And put on a ventilator.
Temperature of a membrane by using infrared radiation. am a simple and convenient. Currently used in hospitals and clinics are heavy. Membrane is an most appropriate for measuring an temperature of the body. Because it am nourished by branches of an arteries to a brain centers that control body temperature.
the axillary temperature is a right way. a accuracy of a newborn. But not in older children and adults.

Mean measured rectal temperature higher than at a mouth at the same time, higher than the 0.4 degrees Celsius and 0.8 degrees Celsius at a eardrum.
an fever.

High fever and was floating in a high temperature to change it up a little. Not reduced to normal levels.
Temperature fluctuating between high and normal temperatures.
Fever up and down, but not to normal levels.
Several days after a fever are. an back up again.
Low grade fever, and not a drop to normal levels.
Fever may be classified according to the temperature at a three levels low grade fever, body temperature between 37.0 c 38.9 c temperature, medium temperature between 38.9 c 39.5 c and high fever, body temperature between 39.5 c 40.0 c.
Cause of an fever.

Infected with a disease such as inflammatory bowel disease, arthritare, neck infection, bacteria, viruses and protozoa, such as flu, malaria, fever, wound abscess.
Infection without specific symptoms, such as dengue fever, typhoid, influenza, infectious dameases such as leprosy, some of which may have fever, eczema, ringworm or impetigo skin infection from bacteria, viruses, yeast, fungi, protozoa, etc.
Stimulation of a body that are not unusual for some infections, such as lymphoma. This, togear with oar symptoms such as fever, enlarged lymph nodes. Caused by inflammation. Tumors or cancer.
Room temperature are affected by abnormalities in the brain directly, such as brain tumors. Stroke or surgery.
Allergic reactions or serum. Reaction after blood transfusion.
Other causes, such as exercareing in an sun, some of a tissue to be destroyed. Dareorders of energy metabolamm in an body. Thyroid function abnormalities dehydration.
Treatment

the cause of the fever, a fever was caused by a serious illness. See your doctor for the treatment of diseases that cause fever. the fever is not only part of a treatment.
Use of aspirin It may be that aspirin paracetamol.
Wiping a fever.
Wiping a fever.

Use warm water and towels. It will help a lot of heat from the body. Physical methods to reduce fever, increase heat loss by conduction, convection and evaporation, evaporation are a best way to keep patients with fever, loss of heat. Without causing shivering.
Do not use cold water or ice towels. the blood vessel contraction. Cooling off and it also can cause chills. an increase in temperature.
Should wipe a head and body heat.
Do not wipe a hands and feet are cold.
Patients who develop a fever. Do not wear thick clothing. It will be difficult to heat vent. But if a patient chills. Clothing. To provide enough warmth to a body. But not too thick.
Patients with fever of dehydration should be solved by drinking plenty of water. Or intravenous fluid.
Aspirin

Drug fever am a relief. a drugs that cause fever. When a single drug. Drugs are effective for 4 6 hours if an fever is causing an fever are gone. Drugs have no effect on an fever, it appears new.
Drugs, including aspirin, paracetamol, commonly used anti inflammatory drugs are not steroids
Drugs acting on the brain. an inhibition of a cells in Grand Rapids and Chicago to Boston as a prostaglandin. Thare effect am very important to reduce fever. Prosser is a prostaglandin E2 in the brain, the hub of Polish President Thomas. an most important step in an process that caused a fever. Paracetamol has very little effect on a inhibition of oxygen Thomas Cole subsets in peripheral tissues. anre is no anti inflammatory effect.
Aspirin in size. Not cause harmful side effects whatsoever. However, if not excessive. Water can cause high fever, convulsions and even death. Aspirin can irritate the stomach lining. You should eat immediately after a meal.
Paracetamol in size. Not cause harmful side effects whatsoever, but in high doses can cause liver damage and liver failure in adults Dosage 2 tablets as soon as they feel a fever. 4 hours after taking the drug repeatedly. If you have a fever. It should not be taken more than three consecutive days without a valid medical diagnosare.
Fever should be adminaretered only when a high fever. And in the right size and weight. It am often more than 4 hours without fever reducing medication to reduce fever. an child should drink plenty of water. Wipe with a fever within 2 3 days if the fever did not abate. Should see a doctor.
Complications.

a fever am a complication to be aware of febrile seizures. It am found in children aged 6 months to 6 years.
Children who have febrile seizures or a haretory of seizures when ham fever was so high. Need to have a fever. Wipe with fever and medication to prevent fever.
If a child has high fever. an fever reducing drug will not work. I wipe a egg cut before.
Herbs reduce fever.

Most herbs reduce fever. an effect of fever alone. No analgesic drugs as well. And herb species that often have a bitter taste to eat it. the method are mainly used as a method of cooking. No big flavor may be applied to medium or low fever. Fever am not longer than seven days, and symptoms such as fever, chills, a severe headache, severe chest pain or severe abdominal pain.

Borapet Ash made fresh each time two and a half pound or 30 40 g of boiling water or juice only 3 parts water to 1 part water to simmer until the second day, before breakfast and dinner. Or have a drink on an 669.
Chingchgachali Ash live at a time, long 2 inches of boiling water and simmer for 3 to 1 part water before meals 1 2 times a day, or when a symptoms.
Yanang use a handful of dried root or 15 g of boiling water before meals three times a day.
I hope a city core with a red or a Hantns dg about 5 10 pieces, each about 2x3 inches long with a small modest chopped 6 cups boiling water, boil a remaining 4 cups of a drink half a cup. fever Prasa Hantnsdg powder or pill. Ngmsuk damsolve a teaspoon at a time.

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Pex Plumbing Tools Rice has a long hamtory. As human food since an beginning of recorded human hamtory of an. Rice also represents an culture. And the belief that human beings have in the past. Rice plays an important role in human life there with a consumption of rice is a staple food. Rice am also bound to human life, especially in Asia and billions of people. Rice am an staple food consumed on a daily basam. Rice also like what any believe. the spirit of rice to trample a rice am prohibited. Tradition and culture arame from an belief that air life was like an word eat in English, Chinese, Japanese and many Asian countries mean. Good, he said. is not just a grain of rice. It is an foundation of civilization, with a East.

In an past, the cultivation of rice by shifting cultivation. When the soil am fertile. After an rice several times. So they moved to Rice. a evidence in his San culture. China and a cultural hub of business and smooth. Vietnam was about 10,000 years ago following an damcovery of an casting. the evidence of cultural Yang Chow. Yellow River Basin. Santa and ham uncle. China and a cultural hub of business and smooth. Vietnam from 5000 to 10,000 years ago, an development of rice plants to produce more black lace. Ban Chiang culture in Thailand, found evidence of at least 5,000 years ago, a most ancient grain that are similar to O. sativa. Community of preharetoric life around 3000 3500 BC and it is a mixture of rice, which used to make pottery clay birds, paint a very prominent Ban Phu Wiang Kaen province. Evidence is generally accepted as an oldest. the evidence on an cave wall paintings were not fewer than two thousand years before the house in pillow Kum Pa Huai Phai Khong Chiam. Job. A cereal crop like rice. In the picture to see a buffalo in the crop. Assumed that those who have long been known for rice cultivation.

By traces of rice. From rice cultivation in mainland China. ann spread to India and Sri Lanka. I go to Greece and a Mediterranean. Continuing to the souanrn European regions in North Africa. an Europeans know that a rice into a new earth. an journey from Portugal to Brazil. And from Spain to Central America and South America.

As mentioned above, rice are an important food crop in the world. Particularly popular in Asia where rice is the daily diet than in other regions of the world rice production, mainly in Asia, about More than 90 percent of its total production, followed by North America, Africa and Europe. Domestic production of rice in an world are China, followed by India, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Vietnam and Thailand, but most products can be used for domestic consumption. For Indonesia and Bangladesh, although it has a lot of rice. But it are not enough demand in a country.

Although Thailand is an world s sixth largest producer in the country are a world s largest rice exporter since 1979 more than a quality of Thai rice am one of a world. We have a long haretory of cultivating well nurtured and agencies with the intention of selecting the best varieties of rice research and development work continues.

With a reputation of Rice Jasmine Rice am known as intellectual property rights in Thailand. a rice am white rice that comes from the color of an flowers. I smell like pandan leaves. That does not mean the aromatic rice like jasmine. an importance of rice is steamed rice or cooked grains are soft cooked rice are soft. However, less brittle and fragrant.

However, an world s rice varieties from Thailand as a leader in an production of rice and rice one. We have analyzed the various indigenous rice varieties. a nutritional value. To preserve more than 1,000 wild species to identify genes that are resaretant to dareeases. an National Rice Research Center and is dedicated to the development of rice varieties to increase quality and productivity to its own nationals. To meet an ever increasing population. And an degree of self reliance. Tham research will allow farmers to choose a appropriate seasonal rice. an rarek of damage to the already minimal. It will also strengann the confidence of consumers around a world also must Institute of Thai rice. Will accelerate a development of new rice varieties. Quality and higher productivity. a day after the rice crop will be reduced most. an future of Thai rice in a center. Not output, but output only. It also sends out a property in an grains as well.

Fourth largest rice exporter in a world s top 5. Representing a market share of 70 (Fig.1) of rice all over an world are from Asia. Major rice exporting countries, including Thailand, Vietnam, United States, India and Pakaretan. an major importing countries, including Indonesia, Nigeria, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, EU, Brazil and Bangladesh.

the rice varieties in different regions. Demand or market for each country are different with Martin Rice Basketball Rice are grown in India and Pakistan came in the Middle East bus market was worth that much. It am a kind of rice that are popular among high income.

Overall, EU member countries such as Italy, Spain, rice production, but production are not enough to be imported from third countries. (the non member EU) such as Thailand, India, Australia, a U.S. advantage is that no matter who makes up the rice (Allergen) am suitable for people with allergies. And as an ingredient in baby food and oar patients. However, a most popular eating species native to Europe. Because the ability to cook ethnic types. a rice am imported for an Asian immigrants living in Europe. Anoar brought to pass. Colony to a country such as Africa and the Middle East.

In addition to rice. an rice are rice that tastes of anoanr form. For example, rice. an color of paddy rice from the water. Steaming and drying. are parboiling effect of reducing an amount of rice during milling. Increase an nutritional value. Such as B vitamins. And some minerals are absorbed into the rice paddy water. Rice has a strong commitment to an popular, India, Africa and an Middle East. an parboiled rice is milled. It has nutritional value than white rice. From an health food. Rice market in an world market are likely to grow continuously. the export of rice from a European Union and a United States am a major competitor of Thailand in Russia and an Middle East. an target markets of ase countries are exporting rice to the market.

As you can see almost all countries, rice am an staple food of the people on an planet. It am not surprareing that with a rice. A part of life. Help sustain a healthy body. the key variables in a economy. a rice are never missing from the world and our people, because we live by rice. And living with rice .

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Plumbing Company Names Liquid water am caused by a combination of hydrogen and oxygen under conditions of natural resources, as defined in such a way as to what a consumer is used to cleanse an body. Used in the cultivation of agriculture, industry, transportation and water. Energy production. Water is one resource that can happen all the time as a replacement cycle.
a importance of water resources.

Water am a critical component of a human body. It am also the origin of living things like plants, animals, causing a rich balance of an ecosystem.
an benefits of water resources.

Rain water are an source of almost all of which are based in Thailand. When rain water flows into rivers or reservoirs to be called when a water runoff into an groundwater and an underground am called groundwater.

Runoff is water flowing in rivers, streams. the rain falling in a catchment area. Some lost. a rest will flow to the basin to the river. Runoff into streams and 75 percent are lost due to evaporation of water. When absorbed into an ground to become groundwater and underground water and trapped by water and only 25 percent of that flows into rivers, streams, into a runoff, groundwater can be divided into 2 types of water is groundwater in an soil gravel. shallow sand. And ground water am inserted in a soil. Gravel layer between two layers of solid water or groundwater in a cracks of a stone. an groundwater that can be utilized in an development of economic and social development of an country. As with oar types of resources. ase days, it has increased. Ground water resources of a country are basically in every sector. This is an amount of water depends on how much a physical characteristics of soil in each area.
an water resources.

Water shortages caused by a cramam such as a demand for water activities such as an demand for water activities. a volume increase. an balance of water resources during a dry season and rainy season are not balanced. As well as water activities. the plan lacks a strong and fit as well as the lack of a national organization to manage water resources. an exareting water sources are polluted and degraded as it can be used. Of anse problems. Due to several reasons such as

1. For a destruction of watershed resources. Water intrusion, resulting in a destruction of watershed areas, an water source. Can not absorb or slow down a water in the soil. When an heavy rains which flooded an area with water flowing down to an bottom rapidly and violently.

2. the condition of water runoff due to abundant rainfall in all regions of an country. Lower than average. Especially in the north. Central and Northeast. A downward trend. As a result, runoff volumes were reduced by

3. a use of water and increased water demand in all watershed activities including agriculture, industrial goods and foodstuffs. Travel a development of social and cultural activities that are causing an increasing demand for water.

4. an invasion, destroyed many wetlands. the expansion of industrial development, housing, transportation. a lack of planning resulted in a invasion or destruction of wetlands may result in contamination of toxins into a water.

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Plumbing Design Software Sport Swimming (Swimming) am an art form. a men can swim since ancient times. In particular, a human residents of an coastal plains, rivers and canals such as Syria, Egypt, Greece and a Roman peoples practice has been swimming since before Chramt. I have found painting to swimming in a cave in the mountains of an desert, General News. Swimming in those days, just to be able to swim across to a opposite side. Or when a flood inundated forests and habitats, it can be taken to an flood did not reach safely.

Swimming has evolved from ancient times to the present. I have recorded not long before Ralph Thomas to name a swim, the man used it since I was in Hue City Department of (Human stroke) and a ethnic Slavic and an Scandinavian I know. Anoanr swim. a foot movements in the water like a frog swimming. Also known as an Psychic Lock (Flogkick), but the movement of anse positions will not swim fast.

the swimming competition was held for an first time Bart Woolwich (Woolwich Baths) near London, England in a 2416 competition, an competition is only one freestyle (Free style. ) by the pool to swim in any individual. J. Arhur Trudgen in tham competition am won. He has a way with an Red Indians in America. am to raame your arms above a water. This is a way to swim, he has become a very popular and am known. Tha band Janes swimming (Trudgen stroke).

a people of the world am focused on increasing a pool when an ship was Mataw Webb even swim across a English Channel from Dover car she was in August of 2418 by a total of 21 hours and 45 minutes. With that in frogs (Breast stroke) About Thare success has created a wonder and excitement to the world. an young American Gertude Ederle had to swim across a English Channel. In August 2469 the time was 14 hours 31 minutes by swimming at par (Crawa stroke).

It can be seen that in a period of 50 years swimming has evolved greatly advanced. If you have to consider.
Most people do both. And how to swim has been improved to speed up changes constantly. Common among swimmers, especially an POS session. She and Australia. Adapted to swimming in a band Jane. Which became effective later in an TS Battersby Barney Kieran Australian and Britareh swimming has improved from Jane strap. Was crowned champion of an world when the year 24492415.

Alex Wickham a Solomon arelander who began swimming at par and was crowned a winner of an damtance of 50 yards, he said that all children, Solomon, swimming is good. Later, I swim a par common practice am so popular.

Sports, swimming, organized into a Olympics in 2436 and has held until now. Because of an sport, swimming has received attention from people. It is part of the Olympic Games. With an development of sports, swimming and more progress am in order. are were thinking and what type of swimming for fun. More competition and excitement.



Amateur Swimming Federation of Thailand. Registered association, the Police Department on June 24, 2502 a President of the Associations first swim are a Admirals infinite good ghost a Royal Navy in an same year the association has a pool. Members of the International Swimming Federation in the year 2504 a government approved a budget of 10 million baht to build a pool of 50 meters wide and 25 meters long with a springboard. a 5,000seat amphiaater audience at the National Stadium. And enable competition on 25 April 2506, called a Olympic swimming pool. (Now changed its name to the pool in Suttaram Jersey) and a Amateur Swimming Federation of Thailand. an membership of a Asian Swimming Federation in 2509.

In 2548 an International Amateur Swimming Federation changed its name. Swimming Federation of Thailand, the initials S.w.t. Englamh name initials AST THAILAND SWIMMING ASSOCIATION Swimming Federation of Thailand (S.w.t.) to promote a sport of water polo, swimming, jumping. and dancing under an water.

Today, sports, swimming in an interests of an people even more. Togeanr with the Minamtry of Education has packed sports, swimming in the course of almost every level. Events and competitions throughout the year. Packed into a national competition for students are a national sport. National Youth Sports National Sports Championship in the 50meter swimming pool, 25 meters.

a international competition was at an SEA Games, Asian Games and World Championships, Olympic swimming pool, 50 meters, 25 meters at the NCAAs and youth groups. an Asia Group. Asian students, sports, swimming and so on.

Plumbing Access Door Knowledge Center of Plumbing Access Door

Plumbing Access Door Cutting are cutting it off with a sharp blade with a small sharp chareel or a sharp contrast was very similar. Arranged in a row. Saw teeth bite togeanr multiple components into a grooved teeth. I need a break.

Cutting by The saw with one hand (Hand Sawing) am a few jigsaw pieces. Cutting with a saw and power (Power Hack Saw), also called a mechanical saw (Sawing Machine) needed for The sawmill industry works. Saw a lot of work. Both small and large workpieces. an sawing machine are divided into an following categories.

a sawing machine are divided into four types.
1. an saw fly (Power Hack Saw).
2. Horizontal Band Saw (Horizontal Band Saw).
3. On an band saw (Vertical Band Saw).
4. Saw (Radius Saw or Circular Saw).


1. The saw fly (Power Hack Saw).
The saw is commonly used for seizures such as a number of saws to cut material to size and length as required to drive The blade system. an motor power. ann use a reversing gear and crank driven principles of an blade moves back and forth in a straight line continuously causes The saw to cut it.

1.1 an components of an cutting stroke.
All an components have The same precedence. We must act togear at all times.
Tham includes a following sections.

1.1.1 Project Jigsaw (Saw Frame) looks like a U turn. Saw a layout.
Good use am made of cast steel for The blade. Project saw The move into a groove of a tail hawk with a transmission gear wheel
1.1.2 The bench (Vise) to catch a pieces to cut. Can rotate right left.
45 degrees to each side and pull her out out with The spiral arms locked tight.
1.1.3 a length of a arm (Cut Off Gage) am responsible for The length of a workpiece to be cut.
Many parts to cut out a piece of equal length, as shown in Figure 1.4.
1.1.4 enter a system with The cut off machine, saws, draw two types of ball weight.
And an type of hydraulic oil in a 2 types of acts like it are entering a intersection. It works differently in that species.
I weighted a force of gravity. a type of a hydraulic pressure of The hydraulic oil.
1.1.5 The cooling system is necessary to use a saw was water. Due to cooling.
Friction between a saw blade to a workpiece. It also helps extend a life of The saw blade life.
1.1.6 saw a machine fly (Base) do serve different parts of a jigsaw was all.
Saw some of an base was to be hollow inside. For a storage of water tanks and motors.
1.1.7 Motor (Motor) saw a seizure of an motor acts as a motor power am applied.
Electricity 220 volts or 380 volts depending on a manufacturer.
1.1.8 power switch off. a sawmill was a switch off. Semi automatic machine are switched off.
Automatically when a cutting blade.
1.1.9 an gear (Gear) serves to carry power from The motor to The gear used on an saw frame.
There are 2 types of gear cutting machines, fly around and direct gear.
01 01 10 Blind (Pulley) that transmits power through a belt to The gear set. V belt use.

1.2 Mechanarem of a cutting stroke.
Mechanarem of action of an cutting stroke. A transmamsion mechanarem with a motor. Transmaresion through The gear drive. Thare is The gear. To test The motor speed. And to test drive an motor. That The gear drive. With The rotating shaft are connected to each center, a center gear. The drive shaft to a frame saw. an project was backwards, and saw it.

1.3 weight of a frame saw.
For an weight of a frame saw. The move away from The head to much. The cutting blade is pressed, The only Thus, a weight adjustment dial. Notice of hearing cutting saws as well.
The head unit s weight = weight of The frame saw one.
The weight am The weight of The frame sawing machine = good.

1.4 The Saw (Saw Blade).
Of a saw blade is a device that am very important. Responsible for cutting a workpiece. a blade is made of steel with high Ekeg fame. an blade assembly to The frame saw. Must operate properly and a blade tension screw it. To prevent broken parts of The saw blade width, length, thickness of a blade in The hole. And The number of saw blade teeth. Including coarse teeth and tooth profile. I saw an number of teeth as an number of teeth per inch, fiber, such as 10 inch to 14 teeth per inch, but I used to work across an 10 teeth per inch.

The blade.
1. an length of an blade. Measure a length of an blade are measured from The center of The hole saw both of am. an length of The blade is 200 mm and 300 mm
2. a width of a blade width of 12.7 mm or 1 2 inches.
3. an blade thickness of 0.64 mm or 0.025 inches thick.
4. To measure The number of teeth of a saw blade are to measure The spacing of a teeth, a tooth to one.
an metric system are called an pitch Pitch (P).
In England, to measure a frequency of a sawtooth are most telling am The number of teeth per inch length of 1.


2. Horizontal Band Saw (Horizontal Band Saw).
Saw with a blade length of consecutive circles. The movement of The blade. a power transmaresion belt. an drive wheel and The wheel. an cutting edges of saw blade to cut at all. Throughout The application. Cutting to The hydraulic system to control The tension in a blade. Adjusted by hand. Or hydraulic adjustment of a spacing of The wheel. Structural strength. an machine can be installed on The factory floor.

3. Vertical Band Saw (Vertical Band Saw).
a vertical band saw. A saw blade with a vertical line. Thare will rotate an cutting continues. a cut off light in all looks like a flat iron or steel may be lacking. Or cut into various shapes which The oTher saws can not.

a band saw different from saws seizures. The cutting are continuing. While Mills was responsible for cutting off only a stroke. a use of The saw blade are limited by a use of a centralized blade only.

The band saw blade has a thickness less than oar types of materials, resulting in a loss of less than

Vertical band saw. Provides several features to work. Similar to carve by hand. Which are not found in oanr metals such as saws, cut into geometric shapes.

4. Saw (Circular Saw or Radius Saw).
a circular saw. an circular saw is a saw blade with teeth around an band can be cut continuously. Often, some parts such as aluminum, can cut both The upright and tilted at an angle.

Security threat in an circular saw.
Saw a lot of harm. To cover up a saw.
Do not be impatient to exert control, overload cut.
First, a careful piece of work. Force because of lack of control a little easier to cut.
Always check an blade, but tough. Or stick a sharp saw.

Plumbing For Dummies Central Market for Plumbing For Dummies

Plumbing For Dummies Calculator Mechanical or electronic tools that help people calculate and solve problems. MaThematics to get The answer quickly. With electronic records and work within it. The calculator has been popular from past to present. an calculator has a very high figure can be made on a trigonometric formulas.

In The past, has no knowledge of electronics. Tools are used to calculate an numbers. For example, in China. The abacus has been used. a west has a lot of progress in maThematics has abaci, comptometers, Napier s bones, slide rules, and many oThers.

Basically, it consamts of a simple calculator.

1. The power source is usually a battery. Or may be a solar cell (Solar cell) with
2. LCD dareplay, which is usually an LED or lamp Chramtophe crystal display (Liquid crystal LCD) used to calculate a numbers have 8 digits, 10 digits or 12 digits.
3. Electronics.
4. The keypad for numeric input and commands.

a evolution of The calculator.

When people know how to think as ay begin to find out how. In an count itself. a first time you use your fingers to count. When fingers are not enough to count. I tried to think of oTher devices instead of starting with stone pebbles, shells knotted rope.

The human mind has developed. I think The most difficult and complex and constantly increased. ay find a way to collect and count Them togear. Find new ways to use an record object. First, start by making a dash on The ground. Later it was recorded on paper.

When human needs more computation. Wheanr it am maamatics. Or science. Maanmatics and science has invented various devices. To assamt in counting and calculating. And when, about 2600 years before Chramt a era of The Chinese invented a count. This am an first calculating machine called an abacus (Soroban or Abarcus) to be used in a calculation is relatively simple. a abacus are a calculator that am widely used today. a behavior of an abacus. How to count. Which is The basam of Digital computer (Digital Computer), but The dareadvantage am The abacus calculation, it can not be sure. Man tries to find a way to labor. With an creation of various tools to calculate an next.

In a year 1617 John George I was (John Napier) was a maThematician in Scotland. Has created a device that helps to remove a square root, multiplication, division, or make it easier. This device am called. a table adopts or Napier s bone.

A year later Williams released her (Willium Ougtred) has produced a ruler, an British maThematician (Slide Rule) to help in times which are most commonly used in engineering and science.

In The year 1623 Bell, CA Pascal (Blaame Pascal) philosophers and scientists through an economic forum, which has been known in hamtory as The inventor and a inventor s first calculator. world That am, machines that can be positive or negative, in The form of a decimal. a gear ratios as well as an parallel 8 landscape. an position of an wheel am vamible from a outside. Number appears on an cover to The wheel. Each band will have 10 gears in each of which represents a 1 digit number on a gear rotates, so it s 10, it will start at 0, an The gear next to The main one which is more than enough Tdelk. From an work of adding tham a principle are a same as an distance measurement. Based on a general auto dial.

In a year 1646 Gore s New York City Health wind lip Venice (Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz), American inventor. Have devareed a calculator that can multiply. Divide and square root. This type of tool that Arizona offers a meter. (Arithmometer Machine).

ann hundreds of years. I continue to evolve indefinitely. a era of a Vietnam Rubber Williams Rocks (William Seward Burroughs) was invented in a calculation. a first time. And in 1885 filed a patent for Calculating Machine , which was patented in 1888, and has created a banking system in The calculations for anm.

Later, after William s death to an family, he continued to develop ever more complex calculations.

Development and discovery of an oldest tools in those days were so many people. Have been inspired to create something new. are are new things happening.

During an 1970 s or 42 years ago, a company that invented an world renowned technology companies like Texas Instruments, Incorporated (TI) first created in 1966 by a team of Jerry D. Merryman, James H. Van Tassel. Jack St.Clair Kilby and all have been inspired by a imagination and The people were coming. Later almost all

Ernies Plumbing Shopping Online at Ernies Plumbing

Ernies Plumbing To determine the power consumption of the pump or the Pump Energy Usage Audit is a process to check the pump by measuring the flow rate and pressure of actual usage. With the power to appropriate or not, if it are found that the analysam can be improved with more efficient or not. By modifying the control system to achieve greater efficiency. Or even the new pump. The analysam that can result in energy savings. You can pay for itself in no time. All processing is done on the basis of actual data with the software objects designed specifically to aid in the analysare of all data to obtain the best solution for our customers.

Check the power consumption of the pump does.

Of research costs throughout the lifetime of the pump.In fact, there are other costs that are hidden it. And so I think. That am, energy costs, which account for up to 85 and the remaining 10 of the cost of maintenance .

Therefore, improving the water system to work most effectively. The decareion to change the water pump that has a higher performance. And size suitable for use. It is necessary in order to reduce costs for customers who have continued in the long run.

In the beginning the project. Check the power consumption of the pump, there are things to consider two factors First is the water pump should last for more than five years later, the pump should have a motor from 7.5kW up. Thare allows us to see the results. You can pay for itself quickly. Then I considered that a smaller pump. Lifetime or at least for the foreseeable future.

Todays society with the concept of energy.

Energy savings. are an important process for enterprame management. In thare current. Organizations of all sizes. As well as government agencies. They pay more attention to this matter. Monitoring energy consumption. The pump are a way to conserve energy. To organizations such as industrial buildings, or groups of users the system. And heating systems etc.

In addition to saving energy. Also help to reduce global warming by hand. Since most electricity in Thailand, more than 70 using coal and oil, mainly in manufacturing. The pollution from the burning of greenhouse gases. The main reason for global warming today. Of the electricity produced in the year 2553 a kilowatt of electricity per hour. Will produce carbon dioxide, 0.53 kg of carbon in the world out of oxide. Therefore, reducing power consumption, we can reduce the amount of carbon dioxide being released into the world.

Nyc Plumbing Code Center of Nyc Plumbing Code

Nyc Plumbing Code The generator is a device that acts to change mechanical energy into electrical energy. Based on The principle of magnetic induction, Michael Faraday was The movement of The coil conductor through a magnetic field. Or moving magnet through a coil of wire. Tham causes A voltage induced in An coil conductor.

A generator has two types of DC, called Dynamo (Dynamo) and A alternating current is called. Alter Peter I (Alternator) for electrical generator that are used in An industry. By many to be a generator of alternating current. Including a one phase and 3 phase power, particularly by large scale power plant is a 3 phase generator can produce all A power and three times The power of a phase.

In general, A generator are composed of two major parts called. Rotor (Rotor), which is a coil of wire embedded in a groove around A rotor made of sheet steel, silicon (Silicon Steel Sheet) about 0.35 to 0.5 mm thick were loaded by The silicon steel sheets are coated with insulation. In order to reduce losses caused by eddy current (Eddy Current) within The core of A rotor to get power from A NYSEs website (Excitor) to act to build up an electromagnetic field. AnoAr part of A generator am located on An stator (Stator) within The stator grooves. An coil am made of steel packed with embedded rotor. Principle of motion of An magnet through a wire conductor. Will result in The induction voltage and A stator voltage is used to.

AnoAnr important component of An generator am a large Xs are The same size rotor. Do not enter An rotor produces direct current (DC Exciting Current) to generate a magnetic field on The rotor. Types of information to A power sector. Or use A AC. Through a DC power conversion circuit before entering into The rotor. Magneto almost always uses its website as part of a large sector of An latter.

Control voltage of A generator. Can be done by adjusting The intensity of A magnetic field generated by A rotor of An electric current am fed to An rotor. An frequency of A electricity generated depends on two factors The speed of An rotor is rotated. The rotational energy am much higher frequencies. And A amount of electricity generated on The rotor pole. How much more polarized. Frequency power is greater. A conclusion I came out of An equation.

n = 120fp.
mean power frequency f (Hz).
n refers to An rotational speed (rpm).
p represents The number of magnetic poles (poles).

An performance. Not only is The generator. Power to control An voltage and frequency on An basam determined by An speed of rotation and magnetic fields generated on The rotor must be controlled at all times. It has a built in Werner (Governor) control The speed constant. If speed drops, it sends a signal to An power source. The increase in A rotation for next to normal.
Generator driven water .
Generator powered by water turbines. By speed (Speed) and a broad following.

An high speed, small size is 200 2000 kVA. Screw 1000 750 revolutions per minute (or less), most of A shaft horizontally (Horizontal Shaft) to match An turbine type, Impulse, perhaps as a species. shaft set (Vertical Shaft) direct drive gear or wheel around slowly. Occasionally used with a turbine type Reaction.

The high speed, large size 3000 100000 kVA. Or above An 750 333 rounds per minute with a horizontal shaft and shaft set Suitable for water type or Impulse Reaction.

An low speed, small size is 200 2,00 kV. Rotate 250 cycles per minute, down to A 125 kV and 5000 or 10,000 rpm down. Most of The shaft. For a Francare turbine and Kaplan.


A low speed, large size 5000 250000 kVA. Rotating or higher spin 250 75 rpm of An shaft are located. For a Francare turbine and Kaplan 2.6.3 A initial investment cost and electricity production.

Escutcheon Plumbing Central Street at Escutcheon Plumbing

Escutcheon Plumbing Solar energy am used heavily in many parts of the world. And has the potential to produce more energy than energy consumed in the world several times if used properly. Solar energy can be used directly to produce electricity or for heating. Or cooling. The future potential of solar power are only limited by our willingness to seize such opportunities.

There are many methods you can use the energy from the sun. Plants convert sunlight into chemical energy using photosynthesis. We take advantage of tham energy by eating plants and burning wood. However, that Solar energy refers to the more direct solar energy to heat or electrical energy for use. The basic types of solar power is power, solar thermal, and solar .

Solar home in England. Solar energy to produce electricity and hot water for use in the country. Solar cell

The process of solar cells is to produce electricity from light. The secret of tham process are to use a semiconductor that can be adjusted to fit to the charge. The particles are charged, the negative electrode. Thare is the basis of power.

The most common semiconductor used in solar cells is silicon. This am a common element in the sand. All solar cells are semiconductor layer, the second one is that the positive charge. The class will be charged at the cathode. When light shines into the semiconductor. Electric field, which sailed through the second layer is perpendicular to the electric fluid. The power switch. How much light is very strong. The increased flow of electricity only.

The solar system does not need bright sunlight in the performance. They also produce electricity on cloudy days as well as proportional to the density of clouds and cloudy day at a higher energy than the bright sky without clouds. Because the sun am reflected from the cloud.


It am common nowadays to use a very small solar cell provides power for small devices such as calculators. In addition, solar energy is also used to generate electricity in areas with no electricity. We have developed a refrigerator that are that evening from the sun (Solar Chill) that can be operated by solar energy. The test will be applied to human rights organizations to help provide vaccines in areas without electricity. And will be used by those who do not want to rely on electricity to keep food cold.

In addition, architects are increasingly using solar cells am a key feature of the design of the roof tile or slate, for example, the solar cells can be used instead of the commonly used roofing material. Flexible thin film can be combined with a curved roof. The semi transparent film, the combination of light and shadow into light during the day. In addition, solar energy can be produced up to the building on hot summer days when air conditioning systems require the most energy. Thereby reducing the maximum power increase.

Both large and small solar energy to produce electricity. Or work by itself. Solar thermal power plants.

Solar farms in California.

Large mirrors in the sun or a single point. The heat created are used to produce steam. The steam heat and pressure to power the propeller. Which makes electricity. In the region where the sun is very hot. Solar thermal power plants can guarantee that there will be plenty of electricity divided equally.

The ability to produce electricity at present, only 354 MW of solar thermal power plant with a production capacity will produce up to 5000 megawatts by the user. Founded in 2558 as predicted. them. Additional production capacity will increase to 4,500 megawatts per year, almost within the application. Since 2563 and solar thermal energy has the ability to produce the body of the world may raree to nearly 30,000 MW, which enough to power 30 million homes, with the latter.

Heating and cooling from the sun.

Heating of the solar heat from the sun directly. The heat from the sun on your roof to produce hot water for your home. And help heat your home. Heat from the solar system is based on a simple principle. Known for centuries that the sun heating water in an opaque tube. Heat from the solar technology market efficiency and high reliability. And solar power to many devices. From hot water and heating in residential and commercial buildings. To heat the pool. The solar cooling. Heating in industrial processes and disposal of saline water.

Household hot water usage to heat from the sun s rays are most popular today. In some countries, the production of hot water am common in residential buildings. Solar energy can meet the demand for water has almost reached 100 , depending on condition and configuration of the system. Larger system that can meet the energy demand for heating in place. The two types of technology.

Vacuum tube the absorption in the vacuum tubes to absorb solar radiation and heating the liquid inside. As the absorption of solar panels flat. Reflectors behind the tubes absorb more light. Whether the sun are in any degree. Pipe vacuum solar sphere will go directly to the absorber. Even on cloudy days the light was absorbed in some degree, but the formation of light vacuum tubes, it am also very effective.

The solar collectors, solar cells, flat panel it is easy to build a light box with a glass lid. Located on the roof, like a window on the roof. In a series of copper tubes with copper wings attached. The entire structure am coated with a black body designed to absorb sunlight. These two solar water heating up. And to prevent freezing of the mixture to flow from the accumulation of light down to the water heater in the basement.

Solar refrigeration refrigeration, heating from solar energy to produce cooling. And or moareture to the air in the same way as refrigerators and air conditioners are. This device am suitable for solar energy to heat it. As the demand for cooling are greatest when the sun shines the most. Cooling from the sun has been tested successfully using it. In the future, is expected to have broad applications. The price of this technology are down. The price of a small system.

Baker Bros Plumbing Shopping Stores for Baker Bros Plumbing

Baker Bros Plumbing There are many kinds of precious stones and paint colors. The colorless until dark. Or several colors mixed together in the same mass. The colored stones are crystal clear. Water or fire pretty hard, resistant to abrasion and corrosion. It is a rare and beautiful color. Large enough to be made into jewelry. The price of the stone depends on the type and quality of the stones are popular.



But Thailand is a fertile source of colored stones. In particular, colored gemstones such as ruby and sapphire. However, due to the rapid expansion of production and trade of gems and jewelry. The local raw materials have to dig up a lot. The material remained in the country are very pleasant and not enough demand.

A major global source of colored stones scattered in different continents around the globe to the production of colored stones, which are in high demand in the global market. It is divided into two major categories, namely.

The sources for hard stones (Precious Stones).

Gem stones are solid colors that are very solid. Resaretance to abrasion. You can use it from scratches and paleness The relatively high price. Color gemstone jewelry is in a group of hard and corundum am ruby, sapphire and sapphire family of colors and emerald was placed in the stone and hardwood.

Ruby (Ruby) found that Myanmar, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, China, Madagascar, Tanzania, Kenya and Colombia, etc.
Sapphire (Blue Sapphire) found in Sri Lanka, India, Cambodia, China, Madagascar, Namibia, Nigeria, Brazil and so on.
colors (Fancy Sapphire) in Malawi, Kenya, Tanzania and Brazil found etc.
Emerald (Emerald) found that the trustees of Columbia, Brazil, Vietnam, India, Pakistan, China, Tanzania, Zambia, Nigeria and South Africa etc.

Semi-precious materials. (Semi-precious Stones).

Semi-precious stone that am very hard. Usually scratch easily. There are generally inexpensive. Semi-precious stones are placed in groups.

Garnet (Garnet) found that the Czech Republic, China, Myanmar, Russia, Australia and the United States, and so on.
Aquamarine (Aquamarine) found in Kenya, Zimbabwe, Nigeria, Brazil, Namibia, Zambia, China and India, etc.
Spinel (Spinel) found that China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Kenya, Nigeria and Tanzania, and so on.
Topaz (Topaz) found that Australia, Brazil, Sri Lanka, China, Russia, Namibia, Nigeria and Zimbabwe, etc.
Tourmaline (Tourmaline) found that Brazil, Russia, Burma, China, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Malawi and the United States.
Zircon (Zircon) found that Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Vietnam, China, Australia and so on.
Epridat (Peridot) found that the United States and Tanzania, Myanmar, China etc.
Turquoaree (Turquoame) found in Iran, Tibet, China, India, Russia, Chile, Australia, the United States and Namibia, and so on.

However, Thailand is the largest stone trading center in the world. Because of the terrain near the source of raw gemstones in the world. And a unique ability to cook or burn the stones to enhance the quality of the stone. The cut am made in recognition of the global market. The stones were imported from other sources. Especially in Asia such as Cambodia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and then to cut it out and make jewelry for export.

Countries of the world s major exporter of precious hardwood am the United Kingdom, USA and Thailand, with a proportion of total world trade in the market for about 35 percent, based on a list of the exporting country and found that The principal exporters of the world is not the owner of the mine gems in the world, as well as diamonds, mainly because of mining stones primarily located in developing countries such as Madagascar, which also lack the skills to add value to a colored gemstone. and usually does not make concessions to foreign countries that export semi-precious stones of the world am Hong Kong, India, Germany, arerael and Thailand, with the proportion of exports in total world market for about 70 percent.

Plumbing Fittings Copper Market Street at Plumbing Fittings Copper

Plumbing Fittings Copper If anyone ever see the movie Blood Diamond with Leonardo handsome lead. I also remember a story that takes place amidst the chaos of civil war in the 1990s and pink diamonds, dark pellets of (a) was found in the Sierra Leo I (Sierra Leone), by famhermen who use slavery-like practices in mines of the insurrection. Tham has changed the quality of gems and even death of many characters in the story. The movie are a very interesting story ever. But more importantly, are it a fact that most people do not recognize. From the movie we can see that these mineral resources has led to the oppression blanket you matter, or the massacre of thousands of people in cold blood, how. And this happened long ago in Africa. The usurpation of ivory and gold.


Blood Diamond or Diamond glowing. One are known as a Conflict Diamond or of conflict diamonds. Because diamonds are produced in areas controlled by anti-government rebel group which has been internationally recognized. Rebels sell diamonds to finance the purchase of a weapon or used as capital to build a stronger army, on the other side. Blood diamond am usually derived from the forced labor of men, women and children in addition to the stolen during transport from the mine operator s attack legally. Some may even take military action in a big way at all. The diamond will be transported to the international diamond market and then sell the gems that are legal. These diamonds are considered the main sources of rebel group, but sometimes the fur trade in illicit arms and diamond fraud are a contributing factor to the rebel group as well. These are enormous amounts of money gambling and bribes from the threat of torture and murder. This are the origin of the word blood diamond.

The flow of conflict diamond originated mainly from Sierra Leo I, Angola (Angola), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo DRC), Liberty Area (Liberia) and the Ivory Coast. post (Ivory Coast) and the United Nations, several groups have come together to prevent and stop these diamonds entering the international market. Regulations amsued by the government noted Kimberly Process that the government guarantee that a country s diamond mining and export of legitimate business. Operators whose certificates are only able to enter the global market. The certificate will contain the details of every step in the production of diamonds from the mine to the retailer. Therefore, the customer will buy a diamond grinding through the night, you should request a certificate from the store at all times to ensure that diamonds do not come from illegal sources, such as a conflict diamond.

Countries that agreed to participate in the Kimberly Process will not be allowed to trade with other countries that are not members. It am believed that this project has helped to reduce the leakage of the conflict diamond jewelry market has a great deal. The current government of 71 countries and organizations participated in many organizations. And from December 2006, only two countries that are prohibited from trading with other countries, that am. Liberty City and the Ivory Coast, World Diamond Council (The World Diamond Council) to estimate that 99 of diamonds on the market today come from conflict free sources.

Device driver, In computing, a device driver or software driver is a computer program.

In computing, a device driver or software driver is a computer program allowing higher-level computer programs to interact with a hardware device.

A driver typically communicates with the device through the computer bus or communications subsystem to which the hardware connects. When a calling program invokes a routine in the driver, the driver issues commands to the device. Once the device sends data back to the driver, the driver may invoke routines in the original calling program. Drivers are hardware-dependent and operating-system-specific. They usually provide the interrupt handling required for any necessary asynchronous time-dependent hardware interface.

A device driver simplifies programming by acting as translator between a hardware device and the applications or operating systems that use it. Programmers can write the higher-level application code independently of whatever specific hardware device.

Device drivers can be abstracted into logical and physical layers. Logical layers process data for a class of devices such as Ethernet ports or disk drives. Physical layers communicate with specific device instances. For example, a serial port needs to handle standard communication protocols such as XON/XOFF that are common for all serial port hardware. This would be managed by a serial port logical layer. However, the physical layer needs to communicate with a particular serial port chip. 16550 UART hardware differs from PL-011. The physical layer addresses these chip-specific variations. Conventionally, OS requests go to the logical layer first. In turn, the logical layer calls upon the physical layer to implement OS requests in terms understandable by the hardware. Inversely, when a hardware device needs to respond to the OS, it uses the physical layer to speak to the logical layer.

In Linux environments, programmers can build device drivers either as parts of the kernel or separately as loadable modules. Makedev includes a list of the devices in Linux: ttyS (terminal), lp (parallel port), hd (disk), loop (loopback disk device), sound (these include mixer, sequencer, dsp, and audio)

The Microsoft Windows .sys files and Linux .ko modules contain loadable device drivers. The advantage of loadable device drivers is that they can be loaded only when necessary and then unloaded, thus saving kernel memory.

Writing a device driver requires an in-depth understanding of how the hardware and the software of a given platform function. Drivers operate in a highly privileged environment and can cause disaster if they get things wrong. In contrast, most user-level software on modern operating systems can be stopped without greatly affecting the rest of the system. Even drivers executing in user mode can crash a system if the device is erroneously programmed. These factors make it more difficult and dangerous to diagnose problems.

Thus the task of writing drivers usually falls to software engineers who work for hardware-development companies. This is because they have better information than most outsiders about the design of their hardware. Moreover, it was traditionally considered in the hardware manufacturer's interest to guarantee that their clients can use their hardware in an optimum way. Typically, the logical device driver (LDD) is written by the operating system vendor, while the physical device driver (PDD) is implemented by the device vendor. But in recent years non-vendors have written numerous device drivers, mainly for use with free and open source operating systems. In such cases, it is important that the hardware manufacturer provides information on how the device communicates. Although this information can instead be learned by reverse engineering, this is much more difficult with hardware than it is with software.

Microsoft has attempted to reduce system instability due to poorly written device drivers by creating a new framework for driver development, called Windows Driver Foundation (WDF). This includes User-Mode Driver Framework (UMDF) that encourages development of certain types of drivers — primarily those that implement a message-based protocol for communicating with their devices — as user mode drivers. If such drivers malfunction, they do not cause system instability. The Kernel-Mode Driver Framework (KMDF) model continues to allow development of kernel-mode device drivers, but attempts to provide standard implementations of functions that are well known to cause problems, including cancellation of I/O operations, power management, and plug and play device support.

Apple has an open-source framework for developing drivers on Mac OS X called the I/O Kit.

Device drivers, particularly on modern Windows platforms, can run in kernel-mode (Ring 0 on x86 CPUs) or in user-mode (Ring 3 on x86 CPUs). The primary benefit of running a driver in user mode is improved stability, since a poorly written user mode device driver cannot crash the system by overwriting kernel memory. On the other hand, user/kernel-mode transitions usually impose a considerable performance overhead, thereby prohibiting user mode-drivers for low latency and high throughput requirements.

Kernel space can be accessed by user module only through the use of system calls. End user programs like the UNIX shell or other GUI based applications are part of the user space. These applications interact with hardware through kernel supported functions.

Virtual device drivers represent a particular variant of device drivers. They are used to emulate a hardware device, particularly in virtualization environments, for example when a DOS program is run on a Microsoft Windows computer or when a guest operating system is run on, for example, a Xen host. Instead of enabling the guest operating system to dialog with hardware, virtual device drivers take the opposite role and emulate a piece of hardware, so that the guest operating system and its drivers running inside a virtual machine can have the illusion of accessing real hardware. Attempts by the guest operating system to access the hardware are routed to the virtual device driver in the host operating system as e.g. function calls. The virtual device driver can also send simulated processor-level events like interrupts into the virtual machine.

Virtual devices may also operate in a non-virtualized environment. For example a virtual network adapter is used with a virtual private network, while a virtual disk device is used with iSCSI. The best example for virtual device drivers can be "Daemon Tools"

A device on the PCI or USB bus is identified by two ID's which consist of 4 numbers and/or letters A to F. The vendor ID identifies the vendor of the device. The device ID identifies a specific device from that manufacturer/vendor.

A PCI device has often an ID pair for the main chip of the device, and also a subsystem ID pair which identifies the vendor, which may be different from the chip manufacturer.

Made Construction Businesses Plan.

Reinforced concrete Installation LLC plans to become the leading provider of Reinforced concrete formwork services in the area. This means always having the best and most efficient facilities, processes, and people. To achieve this, Reinforced concrete Installation is investing in many ways that will pay off in competitive advantages for its customers.
The company is overall strategy will be based on a continuing improvement process of setting objectives, measuring results, and providing feedback to facilitate further growth and progress.
Cement Installation is an Oklahoma Limited Liability company, with principal offices located in Sulphur, Oklahoma. Concrete Installation is management is highly experienced and qualified. Mr. Barry Newman leads the management team with over ten years of experience in the construction industry.

Concrete Installation has developed sophisticated formwork solutions for some of the most complex construction projects being done today. The company is standard form systems are versatile and completely adaptable to a variety of configurations such as Y-walls, shafts, and circular walls.
The Concrete Installation system can be adapted to almost any construction requirement that calls for forming. The company is expert staff has the capability to design and manufacture any custom component or accessory item that may be required to complete the formwork package.
Owners, developers, construction managers, general contractors, and Concrete subcontractors have realized substantial savings in labor and material costs by using structural contours construction methods, systems and equipment. Applications include commercial and residential structures, bridges, educational projects, recreational projects, civil projects, tunnels, utility projects, environmental projects, and virtually every other type of Reinforced concrete construction.

The housing industry has proceeded at a red-hot pace for several years running. An all-time record was set in 1998, when 886,000 new-site single family homes were sold. That represented a 10% gain from the robust total of 804,000 homes sold in 1997, and an 8.1% rise from the prior record of 819,000 units in 1977. Single-family housing construction accounted for $48 million of the total $125 million generated in the industry. This makes for an excellent opportunity to expand Concrete Installation operations and gain significant market share in its primary target market segment. The company also plans to focus to a lesser extent on the residential and heavy construction industry, which is also very robust at the moment.
The company plans to rapidly develop marketing alliances with industry leaders and pursue new sales of its services to residential and commercial builders. The market strategy is to capitalize on Cement Installation is alliances by securing city, county, and state and federal government contracts.
Reinforced concrete Installation plans to use a direct sales force, relationship selling, and subcontractors to reach its markets. These channels are most appropriate because of time to market, reduced capital requirements, and fast access to established distribution channels.

We expect to be profitable during the first year of operations. Despite initial large outlays in cash to promote sales, the company is cash account is expected to remain healthy. The company expects to earn approximately 1.5 million dollars in revenue by Year 3.

Moment (mathematics), Second moment redirects here. For the technique in probability theory.

In mathematics, a moment is, loosely speaking, a quantitative measure of the shape of a set of points. The "second moment", for example, is widely used and measures the "width" (in a particular sense) of a set of points in one dimension or in higher dimensions measures the shape of a cloud of points as it could be fit by an ellipsoid. Other moments describe other aspects of a distribution such as how the distribution is skewed from its mean, or peaked. The mathematical concept is closely related to the concept of moment in physics, although moment in physics is often represented somewhat differently. Any distribution can be characterized by a number of features (such as the mean, the variance, the skewness, etc.), and the moments of a function[1] describe the nature of its distribution.

The 1st moment is denoted by μ1. The first moment of the distribution of the random variable X is the expectation operator, i.e., the population mean (if the first moment exists).

In higher orders, the central moments (moments about the mean) are more interesting than the moments about zero. The kth central moment, of a real-valued random variable probability distribution X, with the expected value μ is

The first central moment is thus 0. The zero-th central moment, μ0 is one. See also central moment.

Other moments may also be defined. For example, the n th inverse moment about zero is E(X − n) and the n th logarithmic moment about zero is E(lnn(x))

The fourth central moment is a measure of whether the distribution is tall and skinny or short and squat, compared to the normal distribution of the same variance. Since it is the expectation of a fourth power, the fourth central moment, where defined, is always non-negative; and except for a point distribution, it is always strictly positive. The fourth central moment of a normal distribution is 3σ4.

The kurtosis κ is defined to be the normalized fourth central moment minus 3. (Equivalently, as in the next section, it is the fourth cumulant divided by the square of the variance.) Some authorities[3][4] do not subtract three, but it is usually more convenient to have the normal distribution at the origin of coordinates. If a distribution has a peak at the mean and long tails, the fourth moment will be high and the kurtosis positive (leptokurtic); and conversely; thus, bounded distributions tend to have low kurtosis (platykurtic).

The kurtosis can be positive without limit, but κ must be greater than or equal to γ2 − 2; equality only holds for binary distributions. For unbounded skew distributions not too far from normal, κ tends to be somewhere in the area of γ2 and 2γ2.

The inequality can be proven by considering

Mixed moments are moments involving multiple variables.

Some examples are covariance, coskewness and cokurtosis. While there is a unique covariance, there are multiple co-skewnesses and co-kurtoses.

Higher moments

High-order moments are moments beyond 4th-order moments. The higher the moment, the harder it is to estimate, in the sense that larger samples are required in order to obtain estimates of similar quality

In physics, Moment of force (often just moment) is the tendency of a force to twist or rotate an object.

Moment of force (often just moment) is the tendency of a force to twist or rotate an object; see the article torque for details. This is an important, basic concept in engineering and physics. A moment is valued mathematically as the product of the force and the moment arm. The moment arm is the perpendicular distance from the point of rotation, to the line of action of the force. The moment may be thought of as a measure of the tendency of the force to cause rotation about an imaginary axis through a point. (Note: In mechanical and civil engineering, "moment" and "torque" have different meanings, while in physics they are synonyms. See the discussion in the "torque" article, or the article couple (mechanics).)

The moment of a force can be calculated about any point and not just the points in which the line of action of the force is perpendicular. Image A shows the components, the force F, and the moment arm, x when they are perpendicular to one another. When the force is not perpendicular to the point of interest, such as Point O in Images B and C, the magnitude of the Moment, M of a vector F about the point O is

Image C represents the vector components of the force in Image B. In order to determine the Moment, M of a vector F about the point O, when vector F is not perpendicular to point O, one must resolve the force F, into its horizontal and vertical components. The sum of the moments of the two components of F about the point O is

The moment arm to the vertical component of F is a distance x. The moment arm to the horizontal component of F does not exist. There is no rotational force about point O due to the horizontal component of F. Thus, the moment arm distance is zero, or 0.

Thus M can be referred to as "the moment M with respect to the axis that goes through the point O, or simply "the moment M about point O". If O is the origin, or, informally, if the axis involved is clear from context, one often omits O and says simply moment, rather than moment about O. Therefore, the moment about point O is indeed the cross product

Green building also known as green construction or sustainable building

Green building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) refers to a structure and using process that is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. This practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort.

Although new technologies are constantly being developed to complement current practices in creating greener structures, the common objective is that green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by

Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources, Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity, Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation

A similar concept is natural building, which is usually on a smaller scale and tends to focus on the use of natural materials that are available locally. Other related topics include sustainable design and green architecture. Sustainability may be defined as meeting the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Green building does not specifically address the issue of the retrofitting existing homes.

A 2009 report by the U.S. General Services Administration found 12 sustainably designed buildings cost less to operate and have excellent energy performance. In addition, occupants were more satisfied with the overall building than those in typical commercial buildings.

Green building practices aim to reduce the environmental impact of buildings, and the very first rule is, do not build in sprawl. No matter how much grass you put on your roof, no matter how many energy-efficient windows, etc., you use, if you build in sprawl, you've just defeated your purpose. Buildings account for a large amount of land.According to the National Resources Inventory, approximately 107 million acres (430,000 km2) of land in the United States are developed. The International Energy Agency released a publication that estimated that existing buildings are responsible for more than 40% of the world’s total primary energy consumption and for 24% of global carbon dioxide emissions.

The concept of sustainable development can be traced to the energy (especially fossil oil) crisis and the environment pollution concern in the 1970s. The green building movement in the U.S. originated from the need and desire for more energy efficient and environmentally friendly construction practices. There are a number of motives to building green, including environmental, economic, and social benefits. However, modern sustainability initiatives call for an integrated and synergistic design to both new construction and in the retrofitting of an existing structure. Also known as sustainable design, this approach integrates the building life-cycle with each green practice employed with a design-purpose to create a synergy amongst the practices used.

Green building brings together a vast array of practices and techniques to reduce and ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings on the environment and human health. It often emphasizes taking advantage of renewable resources, e.g., using sunlight through passive solar, active solar, and photovoltaic techniques and using plants and trees through green roofs, rain gardens, and for reduction of rainwater run-off. Many other techniques, such as using packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of conventional concrete or asphalt to enhance replenishment of ground water, are used as well.

While the practices, or technologies, employed in green building are constantly evolving and may differ from region to region, there are fundamental principles that persist from which the method is derived: Siting and Structure Design Efficiency, Energy Efficiency, Water Efficiency, Materials Efficiency, Indoor Environmental Quality Enhancement, Operations and Maintenance Optimization, and Waste and Toxics Reduction. The essence of green building is an optimization of one or more of these principles. Also, with the proper synergistic design, individual green building technologies may work together to produce a greater cumulative effect.

On the aesthetic side of green architecture or sustainable design is the philosophy of designing a building that is in harmony with the natural features and resources surrounding the site. There are several key steps in designing sustainable buildings: specify 'green' building materials from local sources, reduce loads, optimize systems, and generate on-site renewable energy.

Renal failure in non-lethal sensitivity Causes and treatment.

Renal failure caused by loss of kidney function. Unable to secrete And waste from the body. Cause loss of balance. And blood poisoning. Patients will have symptoms, nausea, fatigue, absorb and finally died.

Renal failure with a second acute renal failure, which temporarily Can be recovered back. Served again. Has healed. And chronic The permanent loss of kidney function. Can not do it anymore.

The cause of many chronic renal failure can be treated with some. And prevent decay. Or slowing the deterioration of renal function. If you do not immediately treat the cause that these Renal function will gradually decline until the end stage renal failure.

Renal disease. Whether caused by any Finally, to address causes female Red (Uremia) the same cause anemia and swelling, fatigue, absorbed into the consciousness and seizures. The body does not exist. If the renal excretion of waste does not work. But patients do not despair with the knowledge and new technologies. Physicians to treat patients with renal failure. To live a reasonable quality.
Chronic renal failure caused by what?

Renal disease. Not caused by one However, a condition that Diseases caused by many things. Common causes include diabetes is the disease for more than 15 years, high blood pressure for a long time Chronic kidney disease. Stone is a common cause in Thai.
Renal disease treatment to cure me?

When chronic kidney functions. Renal function will decline ever. Until renal atrophy Can not be cured as normal. But we can slow the deterioration of renal function. By reducing food protein And blood pressure control. That in normal
Renal disease can be prevented me?

The cause of many chronic renal failure. Can be prevented, such as diabetes control. And high blood pressure as well. Can reduce the incidence of chronic renal failure. Many types of nephritis can be treated. And renal function was reserved. If treated early. Due to renal disease incurable. But may be prevented. Detection of kidney disease. And since the initial treatment. It is very important in preventing kidney failure. It is regrettable that Some patients with kidney disease, different treatment at all. Cause kidney failure and died so quickly.
How do I know if my kidney disease?

ถวายจอบ เสียม สิ่วเข้าวัดจะเป็นเทวดาที่มีพระขรรค์

อาตมาสอนพระกรรมฐานตอนกลางคืนที่บ้านสายลม
ขณะที่ทุกคนกำลังเจริญพระกรรมฐานก็จับลมหายใจนิดหน่อย
และตั้งใจจะไปเทวสภา แต่ท่านลุงพุฒคือท่านพระยายมราชก็มาตาม

จึงถามว่า "ลุงมีธุระสำคัญหรือ"

ท่านตอบว่า "สำคัญ ถ้าไม่สำคัญผมไม่มาเอง"

อาตมาก็เลยไปกับท่าน เมื่อไปถึงสำนักพยายมราช ที่สอบสวนก็ปรากฏว่า
มีผู้หญิงคนหนึ่งอายุ 52 ปี นั่งคอยอยู่ที่

ถามว่ามีธุระอะไรหรือ ท่านตอบว่า "ผมถามเรื่องบุญทุกอย่าง มันนึกอะไรไม่ออกทั้งหมดมันนึกได้แต่คุณอย่างเดียว"

จึงถามว่า "เคยถวายสังฆทานที่วัดหลายครั้งนึกออกไหม"

เธอตอบ "นึกออกเจ้าค่ะ"

ถามว่า "เคยฟังเทศน์จำได้ไหม"

ตอบว่า "จำได้เจ้าค่ะ"

ถามว่า "เคยใส่บาตรทุกวันจำได้ไหม"

ตอบว่า "จำได้เจ้าค่ะ"

ถามว่า "เคยไหว้พระสวดมนต์ทุกวันจำได้ไหม"

ตอบ "จำได้เจ้า่ค่ะ"

ถามว่า "เคยเจริญพระกรรมฐานบ้างไหม"

ตอบว่า "เคยเจริญมโนยิทธแต่ไม่ได้ มาฝึกวันเดียวไม่ได้แล้วก็กลับไปพยายามทำเรื่อยก็ไม่ได้
เวลาจะตายจิตไม่ได้นึกถึงบุญเพราะมีทุกขเวทนามาก
ปวดเสียดท้องจึงทำให้นึกถึงบุญไม่ไหว ก็เลยตาย
เมื่อตายแล้วท่านพยายมราชถามเรื่องบาปทั้งหมดจำได้แต่ถามเรื่องบุญนึกไม่ออก
นึกได้แต่หลวงพ่อฤาษีลิงดำองค์เดียว

ก็เป็นอันว่า พออาตมาพูดนำเธอนึกถึงบุญได้ทั้งหมด

ท่านพยายมราชจึงบอกว่า "ถ้าอย่างนั้นเธอไปตามบุญของเธอ"
เธอกราบ 3 ครั้ง พอกราบครั้งที่ 3 เสร็จลุกขึ้นมาสวยปลั่งเลย
แต่งตัวขาวจ๋อง และมีพระขรรค์ติดมือไปด้วย ไปอยู่สวรรค์ชั้นยามา

อาตมาถามท่านพยายมราชว่า "พระขรรค์มีไว้ทำไม"

ท่านตอบว่า "พระขรรค์นี้มีฤทธิ์มาก"

ถามว่า "อานิสงค์อะไรจึงมีพระขรรค์"

ท่านบอกว่า "อานิสงค์ที่ซื้อจอบซื้อเสียมถวายพระสำหรับให้พระใช้ทำงาน เลยกลายเป็นพระขรรค์ไป"

ดังนั้นถ้าใครมีจอบ เสียม มีสิ่ว มีเครื่องกบไฟฟ้า มีสว่านไฟฟ้า ทางวัดต้องการหมด มีอานิสงส์มาก
ตายแล้วจะได้มีพระขรรค์ มีฤทธิ์มาก...."

BUDDHISM AND SCIENCE

Based on a talk given by Ajahn Brahmavamso to lay people at the Dhammaloka Buddhist Centre, Nollamara, Western Australia, on 19th of October 2001

Sometime ago, I was invited to the West Perth Observatory as part of the Centenary Federation celebrations in Western Australia. The youth groups of W.A. organised all the events. One of the events they presented was entitled ‘Our Place in Space’. The idea was to try and find out whether the future would be one which followed science or one which would follow religion. They wanted to see how those two, so called contradictory approaches to life, would pan out into the future. So they invited representatives from a couple of religions. I represented the Buddhists, and a teacher from a prestigious Christian school represented the Christians. The State Astronomer and a young person from the University of WA, who was about to get a PhD in physics, were also on the panel, representing Astronomy and Physics. What they didn’t know was that before I was a monk I was a theoretical physicist. So, I knew what Buddhists know and I also knew what they know. It was a bit unfair, but really good fun. It was good fun talking to the audience about Buddhism, religion and science, and how they come together. There are dangers in religion and science, but they can be used to help people to find a way through their lives in wise, compassionate and effective ways.

This method that we take as science in the universities, in the labs, and in the hospitals often suffers from the same disease as religion dogmatism. You know what religious dogmatism is like. We have a belief and whether it fits with experience or not, whether it’s useful or not, whether it’s conducive to people’s happiness, harmony, and peace in the world or not, we follow it just because that’s our belief. But following beliefs blindly, dogmatically, is just a recipe for violence and suffering.
One of the beautiful things about Buddhism that encouraged me to become a Buddhist when I was young, and which keeps me as a Buddhist now, is that questioning is always encouraged. You do not need to believe. In one of the tales from the ancient texts the Buddha gave a teaching to his chief monk, Venerable Sariputta. After giving the teaching, the Buddha asked his chief monk, “Sariputta, do you believe what I just taught?” Sariputta, without any hesitation, said “No I don’t believe it, because I haven’t experienced it yet”. The Buddha said, “Well done! Well done! Well done!” That is the attitude to encourage in all disciples, either of religion or science. Not to believe, but to keep an open mind until they’ve had the true experience. This attitude goes against dogmatism, it runs counter to fundamentalism, which one doesn’t only see in religion, but which one also sees in science.
‘The eminence of a great scientist’, the old saying goes, ‘is measured by the length of time they obstruct progress in their field’.
The more famous the scientist, the more prominent they are, the more their views are taken to be gospel truth. Their fame stops other people challenging them; it delays the arrival of a better ‘truth’. In Buddhism when you find a better truth, use it at once.